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Biomarkers in diabetic kidney disease

Jaya P Buddineni, Kunal Chaudhary and Adam Whaley-Connell

Measures to assess kidney function and injury in the diabetic population are currently either inadequate or manifest late in the progressive phase, leading to extensive irreversible damage. Recent efforts to identify novel biomarkers in the diabetic population have been evolving either to detect early kidney injury or repair that ultimately lead to progression of diabetic kidney disease. Emerging roles of urinary biomarkers have proven beneficial due to the ability to standardize the various markers to creatinine or peptides already present in the urine. The role of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipoprotein, kidney injury molecule-1 and podocin derivatives have gained enormous significance in the process of early identification of kidney injury in the diabetic population. The recent identification of various novel genomic and proteomic applications in investigations of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney diseases has garnered much attention. This article will discuss the evolution of novel biomarkers of diabetes early in the disease process and focus on the new applications being utilized for better understanding of the disease process and early detection.